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We analyze the implications of axioms formalizing entitlements to continued life for the evaluation of population health, when combined with basic structural axioms. A straightforward implication of our analysis is that if the scope of equal entitlements to continued life is not limited, concerns for morbidity are dismissed in the evaluation of population health. Nevertheless, with axioms formalizing a more limited scope of equal entitlement to continued life, we provide several characterization results of focal population health evaluation functions, ranging from lifetime utilitarianism to generalized healthy years equivalent utilitarianism.

The motivation of this article is to better understand the determinants of international banking integration of non-Euro CESEE EU Members. One stylized fact for these economies is the building up of external financial vulnerabilities since the beginning of the Transition period, with a large weight of cross-border banking, particularly with the European Union. In relation with the literature on the impact of gross financial flows on financial stability, we therefore estimate the long-term historical, geographical and cultural determinants of cross-border banking claims with a bilateral financial gravity model. We then analyze the impact of domestic (pull), foreign (push) and global factors using the gravity framework. Our results first show that cross-border banking in these economies is significantly driven by geographical proximity and common historical links, particularly with EU Member States. Second, we find that banking sector health variables are more significant as push factors, while structural banking system variables are more significant as pull factors. These results provide evidence in favor of an impact of European banking systems on financial liabilities in this region, in relation with the very high level of EU ownership of banking assets. Finally, US global liquidity factor matters more than exchange rate stability, which points towards policy dilemma effect in the region.; La motivation de cet article est de comprendre les déterminants de l’intégration bancaire des pays d’Europe Centrale et du Sud-Est membres de l’Union Européenne. Un fait stylisé commun est l’accroissement des vulnérabilités financières externes de ces économies depuis la période de transition post communiste, avec un large poids des créances bancaires transfrontières, particulièrement détenues par les pays de l’Union Européenne. En lien avec la littérature sur l’impact des flux bruts de capitaux sur la stabilité financière, nous cherchons à identifier dans un premier temps les déterminants historiques, géographiques et culturels de long terme des créances bancaires transfrontières dans le cadre d’un modèle de gravité financier bilatéral en panel. Puis nous identifions les facteurs domestiques, étrangers et globaux pouvant influencer les créances transfrontières dans un cadre gravitaire grâce à l’estimation d’une spécification à effets fixes bilatéraux. Nos résultats tendent à montrer l’importance des liens intra-européens comme facteurs de croissance des créances bancaires transfrontières, du fait de la significativité des variables de faible distance, d’histoire commune et d’appartenance à l’Union Européenne. Par ailleurs, nos résultats soulignent l’importance des facteurs environnementaux (étrangers et globaux) ainsi qu’un potentiel effet de dilemme de politique monétaire, avec un impact supérieur du facteur de liquidité globale par rapport à la stabilité du taux de change.

Medieval texts describe the use of the three-tone system as a pictorial procedure characteristic of Romanesque art to represent shape and volume. Some Medieval art treatises provide detailed instructions of its application, using specific names for each of the carnation colours: membrana (mid-tone or base colour), rosa and posc (darker) and lumen (lighter). In this study we have verified its use and application by analysing the mural paintings of the central apse of the church of Sant Climent de Taüll (Catalonia), currently on display at the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya. A combination of microanalytical techniques, micro-infrared spectroscopy (µFTIR), synchrotron-based micro-X-ray diffraction (µSR-XRD), Scanning Electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Optical microscopy (OM), provided precise information on the composition and distribution of the compounds in the sequence of micrometric layers. We have identified the use of up to eight different pigments carefully mixed, to obtain a variety of tones in accordance to the recipes given in the Theophilus’ De diversis Artibus and the Hermeneia (Byzantine pictorial tradition). The inner layers, painted directly on the still wet lime mortar, show the typical carbonation microstructure of fresco, while the surface layers for the contours of geometric decorative elements and figures which required longer working times, were applied al secco. This work was financially supported by MINECO (Spain, PID2019–105823RB-I00) and Generalitat de Catalunya (2021 SGR 00343). µSR-XRD experiments were performed at BL13-XALOC beamline at ALBA Synchrotron in collaboration with its staff. We thank Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya MNAC and the cooperation of conservators and curators, especially Mireia Mestre and Paz Marquès.